Off-by-one errors (OBOEs) are among the most common logic bugs, even for seasoned developers. These bugs occur when a loop or operation goes one iteration too far or one iteration too short—leading to incorrect results, missed elements, or crashes.
They usually occur in:
Have you ever counted your toys and accidentally said you had 11, but really only had 10? That’s kind of what an off-by-one error is in Python!
It’s a tiny mistake where your program counts 1 too many or 1 too few. These mistakes are super common, even for professional programmers.
msgspec is gaining attention in the Python ecosystem due to its incredible speed and minimalist design. It's written in Rust, supports JSON and MsgPack, and uses type hints for validation. But like every tool, it’s not perfect — and when compared to the battle-tested and feature-rich Pydantic, there are several key trade-offs to be aware of.
In this article, we’ll explore what msgspec lacks compared to Pydantic, illustrated with code examples and practical reasoning.
When defining server URLs in OpenAPI specs, you often need to reference environment-specific values (like staging or production subdomains). But using raw environment variables can result in placeholder values like default: unknown, which may confuse tools like Swagger UI, ReDoc, or code generators.
This guide explains the issue and offers clean solutions — with practical examples.
As of 2025, Pydantic remains a cornerstone of data validation and serialization in the Python ecosystem. Yet, with the evolving needs of performance-critical applications and broader standardization efforts in the language, new contenders have emerged — and old ones are adapting.
In this article, we explore the current landscape of Python data serialization libraries, their strengths, weaknesses, and futures.
This error usually appears when your local branch has diverged from the remote, and Git is configured to disallow non-fast-forward merges.
Pydantic is widely known for its powerful data validation and parsing capabilities using Python type hints. While it's most popular with FastAPI, it can be elegantly integrated with Flask to improve request validation, input parsing, and response formatting.
This article outlines best practices for combining Flask with Pydantic in a clean, maintainable way.
🔄 Update to: Count Number of Blog Posts in Docusaurus and Vercel
In my previous post, I shared a method to count the number of docs posts in a Docusaurus project and display it on your homepage, fully compatible with Vercel and static builds.
That method works great—if all your docs posts are plain .md or .mdx files in the docs/ directory.
But if you're like me and prefer organizing docs posts in folders (e.g., docs/folder/index.md), the previous approach silently misses those.
🔄 Update to: Count Number of Blog Posts in Docusaurus and Vercel
In my previous post, I shared a method to count the number of blog posts in a Docusaurus project and display it on your homepage, fully compatible with Vercel and static builds.
That method works great—if all your blog posts are plain .md or .mdx files in the blog/ directory.
But if you're like me and prefer organizing blog posts in folders (e.g., blog/my-post/index.md), the previous approach silently misses those.
If you're building on Hrekov.com or your next side project, picking a good free-tier database can make or break your MVP. Here's a detailed look at what Vercel (via Neon) and Supabase offer with no cost, along with the trade-offs.
Many developers using Docusaurus want to display the number of blog posts they have—especially on their homepage. While this may sound trivial, doing it the right way (that works on both your local dev and production builds like Vercel) requires some thought.
Here’s a simple and reliable way to implement this—no hacks, no unstable APIs, just clean engineering.
Sometimes flake8 just won't shut up — and you're on a roll.
You want to bring your feature branch up to date with the latest main, but you don’t want messy merge commits.
The solution: rebase.
Rebase reapplies your local commits on top of the latest main from remote. It keeps your commit history clean, linear, and easy to read — especially when preparing a pull request.